Development and characterization of waste equine bone-derived calcium phosphate cements with human alveolar bone-derived mesenchymal stem cells

Calcium phosphate cements (CPCs) are regarded as promising graft substitutes for bone tissue engineering. However, their wide use is limited by the high cost associated with the complex synthetic processes involved in their fabrication. Cheaper xenogeneic calcium phosphate (CaP) materials derived from waste animal bone may solve this problem. Moreover, the surface topography, mechanical strength, and cellular function of CPCs are influenced by the ratio of micro- to nano-sized CaP (M/NCaP) particles. In this study, we developed waste equine bone (EB)-derived CPCs with various M/NCaP particle ratios to examine the potential capacity of EB-CPCs for bone grafting materials. Our study showed that increasing the number of NCaP particles resulted in reductions in roughness and porosity while promoting smoother surfaces of EB-CPCs. Changes in the chemical properties of EB-CPCs by NCaP particles were observed using X-ray diffractometry. The mechanical properties and cohesiveness of the EB-CPCs improved as the NCaP particle content increased. In an in vitro study, EB-CPCs with a greater proportion of MCaP particles showed higher cell adhesion. Alkaline phosphatase activity indicated that osteogenic differentiation by EB-CPCs was promoted with increased NCaP particle content. These results could provide a design criterion for bone substitutes for orthopedic disease, including periodontal bone defects.