Chemical and C and N stable isotope compositions of three species of epiphytic Tillandsia in a Caribbean coastal zone: air pollution sources and biomonitoring implications

We characterized the elemental and C and N stable isotope compositions of Tillandsia fasciculata Sw., Tillandsia balbisiana Schult. & Schult.f. and Tillandsia recurvata (L.) L. samples collected in Cienfuegos (Cuba). Results showed high enrichment factors for S, Hg, Cd, Pb, P, Zn, Cu, Mo, Sb and Ca in all Tillandsia species, indicating inputs from local anthropogenic activities (road traffic, industries and cement production). Carbon concentrations and δ¹³C varied from 38.3–47.7 % and –20.4 to –13.4 ‰ within the three species, respectively. δ¹³C showed seasonal dependence with the dry and wet periods and more ¹³C-depleted values in urban/industrial areas, coherent with the input of anthropogenic emissions. Nitrogen concentrations (0.4–1.3 %) and δ¹⁵N values (–9.9–4.4 ‰) exhibit larger variations and are positively correlated in the three species. The most positive δ¹⁵N in T. recurvata (–0.2–4.4 ‰) are attributed to contributions from industrial activities and road traffic. In fact, both δ¹⁵N and total nitrogen (TN) values increase in sites with higher road traffic and show significant correlations with typical road traffic and industrial tracers. Finally, we calculate an average total nitrogen deposition rate of 4.4 ± 2.3 kg ha^–1 a^–1 from N content in T. recurvata, similar to the existing values determined in the region by field measurements, but higher than the global terrestrial average.