Effects of ambient temperature on cardiovascular disease: a time-series analysis of 229288 deaths during 2009-2017 in Qingdao, China

The association between ambient temperature and cardiovascular mortality varied by regions, populations, and climates. We estimated the relative risk (RR) of cardiovascular mortality using 229,288 death cases of cardiovascular disease in Qingdao China from 1 January 2009, to 31 December 2017. A distributed lag non-linear model was used. The temperature showed a negative association with the cardiovascular mortality. The RR of cardiovascular death at −4.8 °C was 2.05 (95% CI: 1.55, 2.69). The high temperature had acute and short-term effects with the maximum risk occurring 0 day of exposure. The low temperature had the greatest effect on the 4th lag day. The cold temperature effect was stronger for males than females. The estimates of temperature-related cardiovascular mortality risk were higher in people age ≥75 years. Our study showed that the cold and hot ambient temperature had a relationship with the risk of cardiovascular mortality.