The state of glacier hydrology research in Canada

Glaciers across Canada are rapidly retreating, engendering significant implications for glacier-fed hydrological systems, ranging from aquatic ecology and groundwater recharge to downstream economic activities and traditional cultural values. Despite a well-developed body of literature regarding glacio-hydrological systems and dynamics, there has been no systematic assessment of this research to date. In response, this study adopted a systematic review methodology to examine the state of existing peer-reviewed glacio-hydrological literature in Canada (1900–2021). We found that peer-reviewed glacio-hydrological research in Canada emerged in the early 1950s and has substantially grown over the last two decades, with almost all work being done by natural scientists using field-based approaches to examine physical hydrology, water quantity and resources, and water quality in western Canada. There is a declining trend in research related to glacio-hydrological hazards and a relative lack of research related to glacier ecohydrology, human vulnerability, and adaptation. The absence of such work constrains our ability to adapt to the consequences of climatic change and other anthropogenic stressors. In highlighting these gaps, this study aims to inform research needs and contribute to evidence-based policy formation that supports regionally appropriate plans, enhancing our ability to navigate the current and future challenges facing glacio-hydrologic systems in Canada, including the human and non-human systems that depend on them.